Abortion and Sex Trafficking Research Paper

I. Introduction

Hook and Context-setting

In a world marked by complex and pressing social issues, few subjects elicit as much debate, emotion, and controversy as abortion and sex trafficking. These two topics, though seemingly distinct, are inextricably linked by the vulnerability of individuals ensnared in the cycle of exploitation. The wrenching decisions faced by survivors of sex trafficking, often involving choices about reproductive health, bring to the forefront the urgent need for a comprehensive examination of the interface between these issues. This paper delves into the intricate web of connections between abortion and sex trafficking, revealing how the exploitation of individuals in the sex trade can impact their reproductive choices and, in turn, their overall well-being.

Thesis Statement

Our thesis posits that there exists a significant and often overlooked intersection between abortion and sex trafficking, whereby the exploitative conditions within the sex trade industry influence individuals’ reproductive decisions and the consequences thereof. Through a multidimensional analysis, encompassing historical contexts, societal factors, health implications, legal and ethical dimensions, and real-world case studies, we aim to illuminate the intricate relationship between these two critical social problems. This exploration underscores the imperative for informed policy responses and the necessity of challenging societal stigmas that perpetuate the suffering of survivors.

Purpose and Scope of the Paper

The primary purpose of this research paper is to provide an in-depth examination of the interplay between abortion and sex trafficking, shedding light on both the systemic and individual levels of influence. We seek to elucidate how sex trafficking can affect the reproductive choices of survivors and the physical and psychological health consequences they may endure. Additionally, this paper analyzes the legal and ethical dimensions surrounding these issues, emphasizing their human rights implications. By investigating these subjects from various angles, we aim to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by survivors and the complexities of addressing these intertwined social problems.

Overview of the Structure of the Paper

This paper is structured as follows: after this introductory section, we provide a background and definitions section, clarifying the terminology and historical context of abortion and sex trafficking (Section II). In Section III, we delve into the interconnection between abortion and sex trafficking, providing insights into how exploitation affects individuals’ reproductive choices. Societal factors and vulnerabilities are discussed in Section IV, while Section V explores the health consequences of abortion in the context of sex trafficking. Section VI analyzes the legal and ethical dimensions surrounding these issues, followed by an examination of efforts to combat them in Section VII. Case studies and a comparative analysis are presented in Section VIII, and Section IX addresses public perception and stigmatization. Finally, we conclude in Section X by summarizing key findings, discussing policy implications, and calling for further research in this crucial field.

II. Background and Definitions

Definition of Abortion

Abortion, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), refers to the termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life. It can occur spontaneously through a miscarriage or be induced through medical or surgical procedures. Induced abortions are often a subject of intense debate due to their ethical, moral, and legal implications (WHO).

Definition of Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking, a grave violation of human rights, is typically understood as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons through the use of force, coercion, or deception for the purpose of exploitation, often sexual in nature (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). This exploitation can manifest in various forms, including prostitution, pornography, and other forms of sexual exploitation, and it involves a range of coercive tactics aimed at controlling and profiting from victims.

Historical Context of Abortion and Sex Trafficking

The historical contexts of abortion and sex trafficking reveal the dynamic evolution of societal attitudes, legal frameworks, and practices. In the case of abortion, historical records indicate that it has been practiced for millennia, with varying degrees of social acceptance and legal regulation. Ancient societies such as the Greeks and Romans had diverse views on abortion, while medieval Europe saw the influence of the Catholic Church, which condemned the practice. The 20th century witnessed significant changes in abortion laws, with countries like the United States legalizing it in 1973 through the landmark case of Roe v. Wade. These legal shifts reflect evolving social norms and medical advancements.

On the other hand, sex trafficking has deep historical roots, often linked to the exploitation of vulnerable populations. The transatlantic slave trade and the forced prostitution of women during times of conflict are stark examples of historical sex trafficking. The modern abolitionist movement emerged in the 19th century, primarily focused on ending slavery, and later extended its scope to combat human trafficking, including sex trafficking, in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Relevant Statistics and Trends

Statistics underscore the urgency of addressing the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking. Globally, millions of unsafe abortions occur annually, with the World Health Organization estimating that approximately 25 million unsafe abortions occurred each year between 2010 and 2014, contributing to maternal mortality and morbidity (WHO). On the other hand, sex trafficking remains a significant global issue, with the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimating that 4.8 million people, primarily women and girls, were subjected to forced sexual exploitation in 2016 (ILO). Furthermore, studies suggest that many individuals subjected to sex trafficking face a heightened risk of unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions due to limited access to reproductive healthcare and coercion (Zimmerman et al., 2006).

These statistics underscore the critical need to examine the complex relationship between abortion and sex trafficking and to develop informed policies and interventions that consider the intersection of these two pressing social problems.

III. Societal Factors and Vulnerabilities

The vulnerability of individuals to sex trafficking is shaped by a complex interplay of societal factors, encompassing socioeconomic conditions, legal and cultural environments, and the dynamics of gender and power. Understanding these factors is essential to comprehending why some individuals are more susceptible to exploitation within the sex trade industry.

Factors Contributing to the Vulnerability of Individuals to Sex Trafficking

The vulnerability of individuals to sex trafficking arises from a confluence of circumstances. Economic hardship, lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and social isolation can create an environment in which individuals are more susceptible to exploitation. Personal factors such as a history of abuse, addiction, or mental health challenges can also increase vulnerability. These multifaceted vulnerabilities render individuals more likely to be targeted by traffickers who exploit their dire circumstances.

Socioeconomic Factors

Socioeconomic conditions are fundamental in shaping vulnerability to sex trafficking. Poverty and economic instability can force individuals, particularly women and marginalized communities, to seek employment opportunities in sectors with high exploitation risks, including the sex trade. The absence of economic security and social safety nets leaves them with limited choices, making them more vulnerable to traffickers who promise financial stability or better prospects.

Legal and Cultural Factors

Legal frameworks and cultural norms play pivotal roles in shaping vulnerability to sex trafficking. In some regions, lax or inconsistent legal enforcement, regulatory gaps, or corruption can create environments where traffickers operate with relative impunity. Cultural attitudes that normalize gender-based violence and objectification further exacerbate vulnerability. Cultures that perpetuate the commodification of women and the acceptance of sexual violence can foster an environment conducive to sex trafficking.

Role of Gender and Power Dynamics

Gender and power dynamics are central to understanding vulnerability to sex trafficking. Women and girls, in particular, are disproportionately targeted, reflecting deeply ingrained gender inequalities. The power imbalances inherent in societies, where some individuals hold economic, political, or social power over others, contribute to the exploitation of marginalized groups. Traffickers often exploit these power differentials, coercing and manipulating individuals into the sex trade industry, where they are further disempowered.

IV. Health Consequences

The health consequences of abortion in the context of sex trafficking are multifaceted, encompassing physical and psychological dimensions. Survivors face unique challenges related to their reproductive health and mental well-being, often exacerbated by limited access to healthcare and support systems.

Physical and Psychological Health Consequences of Abortion in the Context of Sex Trafficking

Survivors of sex trafficking who undergo abortions may experience a range of physical and psychological health consequences. These may include complications arising from unsafe abortion procedures, such as hemorrhaging, infection, and uterine perforation. Moreover, the stress of living in an environment characterized by violence and coercion can further compromise survivors’ physical health.

On the psychological front, the emotional toll of abortion within the context of sex trafficking can be profound. Survivors may grapple with guilt, shame, and grief, often exacerbated by their lack of agency in the decision-making process. The trauma of sexual violence, combined with the emotional scars of coerced abortions, can lead to long-lasting psychological distress.

Reproductive Health Issues

Reproductive health issues are prevalent among survivors of sex trafficking, and these challenges are intricately linked to their experiences. Survivors may face a heightened risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unintended pregnancies, and complications related to unsafe abortions. The lack of access to sexual and reproductive healthcare within the context of trafficking exacerbates these issues, leaving survivors without essential preventive and treatment services.

Mental Health Impacts

The mental health impacts of abortion within sex trafficking are deeply intertwined with the trauma endured during trafficking. Survivors often exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, which may be exacerbated by the emotional and psychological distress associated with abortion. These mental health challenges can have enduring effects on survivors’ overall well-being and their ability to reintegrate into society.

Access to Healthcare and Support

Access to healthcare and support for survivors of sex trafficking is often limited and hindered by a multitude of factors, including stigma, legal barriers, and fear of retribution from traffickers. Survivors may struggle to access reproductive healthcare services, counseling, and trauma-informed care. Additionally, the lack of awareness and training among healthcare providers regarding the unique needs of survivors can further compound the challenges they face.

In addressing the health consequences of abortion in the context of sex trafficking, it is essential to recognize the interconnectedness of physical and psychological well-being. Comprehensive healthcare and support systems, tailored to the needs of survivors, are crucial in mitigating the long-term effects of exploitation and abortion. Furthermore, policies and initiatives that prioritize survivors’ access to healthcare and mental health services are integral to addressing the intricate health challenges they confront.

V. Legal and Ethical Dimensions

The intersection of abortion and sex trafficking presents a complex landscape of legal and ethical considerations, intertwined with fundamental human rights concerns. This section delves into the legal frameworks surrounding these issues, ethical dilemmas in their addressing, and the critical perspectives of human rights in this context.

Analysis of the Legal Frameworks Surrounding Abortion and Sex Trafficking

The legal frameworks surrounding abortion and sex trafficking vary significantly across countries and regions, contributing to the complexity of these issues. In the context of abortion, laws range from restrictive to permissive, with some nations legalizing it under broad circumstances while others impose severe restrictions or outright bans. The legal status of abortion directly impacts survivors of sex trafficking, influencing their ability to access safe and legal abortion services.

Similarly, the legal responses to sex trafficking vary, with some countries having comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation while others may lack effective enforcement mechanisms. The effectiveness of legal measures in addressing sex trafficking is further complicated by issues such as jurisdictional challenges, transnational crime, and the difficulty of prosecuting traffickers.

Ethical Considerations in Addressing These Issues

Ethical considerations loom large in the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking. These ethical dilemmas encompass questions about the rights and agency of survivors, the responsibilities of healthcare providers, and the moral obligations of societies. One ethical challenge revolves around the autonomy of survivors to make decisions about their reproductive health. Striking a balance between respecting their choices and protecting them from coercion and exploitation presents a profound ethical dilemma.

The role of healthcare providers in this context is also fraught with ethical complexities. Providers must navigate issues related to informed consent, privacy, and the duty to provide medical care while upholding survivors’ rights. Moreover, addressing the root causes of sex trafficking and supporting survivors often requires ethical considerations about prevention, rehabilitation, and social reintegration.

Human Rights Perspectives

Human rights perspectives are indispensable in understanding and addressing the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking. Both issues involve violations of fundamental human rights, including the right to life, liberty, and security of the person, as well as the right to be free from torture, slavery, and exploitation. Human rights frameworks emphasize the importance of survivor-centered approaches that prioritize their dignity, agency, and well-being.

Furthermore, international human rights instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Palermo Protocol, provide a foundation for addressing sex trafficking as a human rights violation. These instruments call for comprehensive responses that address the root causes, protect survivors, and hold traffickers accountable, recognizing that human rights abuses are often intertwined with exploitative practices.

VI. Combating Abortion and Sex Trafficking

Efforts to combat the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking require a multifaceted approach involving government policies, the work of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and grassroots initiatives, international collaborations, while recognizing and addressing the challenges and limitations inherent in addressing these complex issues.

Government Policies and Initiatives

Governments play a pivotal role in addressing the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking. Policymakers can implement comprehensive legislation and policies that protect the rights of survivors and promote their well-being. These policies should encompass both reproductive health and anti-trafficking measures, ensuring that survivors have access to healthcare, support services, and legal protections. For example, governments can enact laws that explicitly protect the reproductive rights of survivors and facilitate their access to safe and legal abortion services.

Furthermore, governments can invest in education and awareness campaigns to inform communities about the dangers of sex trafficking and the importance of reproductive healthcare. Effective legislation and policy frameworks must be backed by robust enforcement mechanisms to hold traffickers accountable and protect survivors.

NGOs and Grassroots Efforts

Non-governmental organizations and grassroots initiatives play a vital role in providing immediate assistance to survivors and addressing the root causes of both sex trafficking and issues related to reproductive health. NGOs often provide critical support services such as shelter, healthcare, counseling, and legal aid to survivors. They work on the ground to empower survivors, offering them safe spaces and opportunities for rehabilitation and reintegration into society.

Grassroots efforts are essential for raising awareness at the community level and advocating for change. Community-based organizations can offer education and prevention programs, support survivors’ needs, and challenge societal norms that perpetuate sex trafficking and reproductive rights violations.

International Collaborations

Given the transnational nature of sex trafficking, international collaborations are crucial in combating this issue effectively. Collaboration between governments, international organizations, NGOs, and civil society groups can lead to coordinated efforts that transcend borders. International initiatives such as the United Nations’ “Blue Heart Campaign” and regional anti-trafficking alliances facilitate information sharing, capacity building, and collective action to combat sex trafficking.

Bilateral agreements and conventions, like the Palermo Protocol, provide a framework for countries to work together to prevent trafficking, protect survivors, and prosecute traffickers across borders. International cooperation is vital in addressing the complexities of sex trafficking and its intersection with reproductive health.

Challenges and Limitations in Addressing These Issues

Despite these efforts, numerous challenges and limitations persist. Legal and policy frameworks may be inadequate or inconsistently enforced, leaving survivors without essential protections. Stigma and cultural norms may hinder survivors from seeking help or exercising their reproductive rights. Additionally, the hidden nature of sex trafficking can make identifying survivors and reaching them with services a daunting task.

Moreover, the root causes of both sex trafficking and reproductive rights violations, such as poverty, gender inequality, and social marginalization, remain deeply entrenched and challenging to address comprehensively. Balancing the autonomy of survivors with the imperative to protect them from coercion and exploitation presents an ongoing ethical dilemma.

VII. Case Studies and Comparative Analysis

To gain a deeper understanding of the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking, it is essential to examine specific countries or regions where these issues intersect and to conduct a comparative analysis of the approaches and outcomes in addressing them.

Examination of Specific Countries or Regions

Case Study 1: United States

In the United States, sex trafficking is a pervasive issue that intersects with abortion rights. The U.S. has a complex legal landscape regarding abortion, with access varying significantly by state. This variation directly impacts survivors of sex trafficking. In states with restrictive abortion laws, survivors may face additional barriers when seeking reproductive healthcare. For instance, mandatory waiting periods and parental consent requirements can hinder their ability to access timely and confidential services. Case studies from states like Texas, which implemented strict abortion regulations, provide insights into how legal restrictions can impact survivors’ choices and well-being.

Case Study 2: Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is a region known for its prevalence of sex trafficking, with survivors often facing limited access to healthcare, including reproductive services. Countries like Cambodia and Thailand have experienced the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking, highlighting the challenges survivors encounter. The cultural context and lack of legal protections for reproductive rights make it difficult for survivors to access safe abortion services. Comparative analysis across these countries offers a glimpse into the varying approaches and outcomes in addressing the issue.

Comparative Analysis of Approaches and Outcomes

Comparative analysis allows us to assess the effectiveness of different approaches in addressing the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking and to identify best practices. Key aspects to consider include:

1. Legal Frameworks: How do legal frameworks in different regions impact survivors’ access to abortion and protection from trafficking? Are there models of legislation that strike an appropriate balance between reproductive rights and anti-trafficking measures?
2. Healthcare Access: What are the disparities in survivors’ access to reproductive healthcare across regions? How do healthcare systems address the specific needs of survivors?
3. Support Services: What types of support services are available for survivors? Are there variations in the quality and availability of services, and how do these impact survivors’ well-being?
4. Awareness and Prevention: How do awareness and prevention efforts differ across regions? What strategies are effective in raising awareness about both sex trafficking and reproductive rights?
5. Collaboration: Are there successful examples of collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, and healthcare providers in addressing these issues? How do partnerships contribute to positive outcomes for survivors?
6. Outcomes: What are the outcomes for survivors in terms of reproductive health, psychological well-being, and reintegration into society? Are there regional differences in these outcomes?

Comparative analysis provides valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, informs policy development, and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking.

IX. Public Perception and Stigmatization

Public perception and stigmatization play significant roles in shaping attitudes and responses to the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking. This section explores the media portrayal of these issues, the social stigma attached to survivors, and efforts to change public attitudes.

Media Portrayal of Abortion and Sex Trafficking

The media plays a crucial role in shaping public perception and understanding of abortion and sex trafficking. The portrayal of these issues in the media can either reinforce harmful stereotypes and misconceptions or contribute to informed and empathetic public discourse.

Media coverage of abortion often varies in its framing, depending on the outlet and the context. Some media sources sensationalize abortion, framing it as a polarized and contentious issue, which can contribute to stigma and division. Others provide in-depth reporting that explores the complexities of reproductive choices, access to healthcare, and the experiences of individuals seeking abortion.

In the case of sex trafficking, media coverage often highlights stories of victimization and rescue operations. While these stories are essential for raising awareness, they can sometimes perpetuate stereotypes about survivors, emphasizing their vulnerability while overlooking their agency and resilience. A balanced portrayal that acknowledges survivors’ experiences and strengths is crucial.

Social Stigma and Its Impact on Survivors

Social stigma surrounding both abortion and sex trafficking can have profound consequences for survivors. Stigma can manifest as judgment, shame, and discrimination, making it difficult for survivors to seek help and support. Survivors of sex trafficking may face societal judgment that questions their choices and experiences, further isolating them.

For survivors of sex trafficking who have experienced forced or coerced abortions, the stigma surrounding abortion can compound their trauma. The fear of being judged or labeled as immoral can deter them from accessing post-abortion care and support services. Stigma can also affect their mental health, exacerbating feelings of shame and guilt.

Changing Public Attitudes

Efforts to change public attitudes regarding the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking are essential for creating a more supportive and empathetic society. Education and awareness campaigns can provide accurate information about the complexities of these issues, dispelling myths and misconceptions.

Promoting survivor-centered narratives that highlight resilience and agency is crucial in challenging stigmatizing stereotypes. Survivor voices and stories can humanize the experiences of those affected and foster empathy and understanding.

Additionally, engaging in open and respectful dialogues about these topics can help reduce stigma and foster a more inclusive and supportive environment. Encouraging discussions that acknowledge the diverse perspectives and experiences of survivors and individuals affected by these issues can contribute to changing public attitudes.

X. Conclusion

In examining the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking, this research paper has explored the intricate relationship between these two complex social issues, shedding light on their profound implications for survivors and society as a whole. In conclusion, we recap the main arguments, discuss their implications for policy and practice, and issue a call to action for further research and advocacy.

Recap of Main Arguments

Throughout this paper, we have elucidated several critical points:

1. Intersection of Abortion and Sex Trafficking: The intersection of abortion and sex trafficking is marked by the exploitation of vulnerability, where survivors are coerced, manipulated, and often forced into situations where they must make profoundly challenging decisions about their reproductive health.
2. Societal Factors and Vulnerabilities: Vulnerability to sex trafficking is influenced by socioeconomic conditions, legal and cultural factors, and gender and power dynamics. These factors shape survivors’ experiences and their access to reproductive rights.
3. Health Consequences: Survivors of sex trafficking face physical and psychological health consequences related to abortion, including reproductive health issues and mental health impacts. Limited access to healthcare and support further compounds these challenges.
4. Legal and Ethical Dimensions: Legal frameworks, ethical considerations, and human rights perspectives are integral in addressing the complexities of these issues. Striking a balance between protecting survivors’ rights and addressing exploitation is an ongoing challenge.
5. Combating Abortion and Sex Trafficking: Combating the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking requires a coordinated effort involving government policies, NGOs, and international collaborations. However, challenges and limitations persist, necessitating ongoing commitment to addressing the root causes of these issues.
6. Public Perception and Stigmatization: Media portrayal, social stigma, and changing public attitudes significantly influence the experiences of survivors. Reducing stigma and fostering empathy are essential for supporting survivors and changing societal responses.

Implications for Policy and Practice

The implications of this research are far-reaching and encompass the following:

• Policymakers must prioritize survivor-centered legislation that safeguards reproductive rights, enhances access to healthcare, and addresses the root causes of sex trafficking.
• NGOs and grassroots organizations should continue to provide comprehensive support services for survivors, recognizing the interconnectedness of their physical and psychological well-being.
• International collaborations should focus on effective information sharing, capacity building, and collective action to combat sex trafficking and protect survivors.
• Efforts to change public attitudes should center on survivor narratives, education, and open dialogues to reduce stigma and foster empathy.

Call to Action and Further Research

In light of the complexities surrounding the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking, a call to action is paramount:

1. Policy Reform: Advocate for the development and enforcement of survivor-centered policies and legislation that protect reproductive rights, ensure access to healthcare, and address the root causes of sex trafficking.
2. Support Services: Strengthen and expand support services for survivors, recognizing the unique challenges they face, and prioritize their physical and psychological well-being.
3. International Collaboration: Foster international collaboration and information sharing to combat sex trafficking effectively, while ensuring that survivors’ rights and well-being are at the forefront.
4. Public Awareness: Engage in public awareness campaigns that challenge stereotypes, reduce stigma, and promote empathy toward survivors.

Further research is crucial to advancing our understanding of this intersection. Future studies should explore the experiences of survivors in diverse cultural contexts, assess the effectiveness of policy interventions, and investigate innovative approaches to addressing the complex challenges faced by survivors.

In conclusion, addressing the intersection of abortion and sex trafficking requires a holistic, survivor-centered approach that recognizes the intricate dynamics at play. By prioritizing the rights, well-being, and agency of survivors, we can work toward a more just and compassionate society where individuals are empowered to make informed choices about their reproductive health free from coercion and exploitation.

Bibliography

1. Alam, M. A., & Siddiqui, M. N. (2017). Sex Trafficking and Reproductive Health Rights: The Case of Bangladesh. Sexuality Research & Social Policy Journal of NSRC, 14(1), 34-45.
2. Braithwaite, S. R., Delevi, R., & Fincham, F. D. (2010). Romantic Relationships and the Physical and Mental Health of College Students. Personal Relationships, 17(1), 1-12.
3. Cook, R. J., & Dickens, B. M. (2016). The international right to abortion and its implementation. In Abortion Law in Transnational Perspective (pp. 15-41). University of Pennsylvania Press.
4. Gaertner, K. L., & Schulz, J. (2014). Improving Anti-Trafficking Initiatives: Collaborative Approaches between NGOs and Local Law Enforcement. Affilia, 29(4), 424-437.
5. Gallagher, A. T. (2013). The international law of human trafficking. Cambridge University Press.
6. International Organization for Migration. (2018). Counter-Trafficking Programming: A Reference Guide. Retrieved from https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/counter-trafficking_reference_guide.pdf
7. Miller, E., & Decker, M. R. (2015). U.S. Policy on Human Trafficking: A Comparative Analysis of Norms and Behavior in the United States, China, and India. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660(1), 245-265.
8. Musto, J. (2020). Exploring Human Trafficking Vulnerabilities: A Case Study of Homeless Youth in Atlanta. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(1), 18-36.
9. O’Donnell, A. T., & O’Donnell, C. R. (2020). Media Portrayals of Abortion: A Meta-analysis of Their Impact on Attitudes and Perceptions. Journal of Communication, 70(6), 652-676.
10. Roe-Sepowitz, D. E., & Hickle, K. E. (2018). Trafficking and Health: A Holistic Approach to Victims of Sex Trafficking in the United States. In Human Trafficking: A Public Health Perspective (pp. 31-47). Springer.
11. Sripicharn, P., Thaikla, K., & Songwathana, P. (2019). Intersecting Vulnerabilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis of Health Vulnerabilities of Trafficked Women and Girls in Healthcare Settings. Health Care for Women International, 40(7-9), 810-833.
12. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). Blue Heart Campaign Against Human Trafficking. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/blueheart/
13. United Nations. (2000). Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Protocol). Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf
14. Zimmerman, C., Hossain, M., Yun, K., Roche, B., Morison, L., & Watts, C. (2006). Stolen Smiles: A summary report on the physical and psychological health consequences of women and adolescents trafficked in Europe. London: The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.