This collection of anthropology research paper topics is aimed to provide students and researchers with a comprehensive list of topics within this vast field of study. This list classifies main topics in anthropology into 12 categories:

  1. Applied Anthropology
  2. Archaeology
  3. Biological Anthropology
  4. Cultural Anthropology
  5. Evolution
  6. Linguistic Anthropology
  7. Paleontology
  8. Philosophical Anthropology
  9. Psychology and Anthropology
  10. Anthropology of Religion
  11. Sociology and Anthropology
  12. Theory in Anthropology

Some topics may appear in more than one category.

Anthropology Research Topics

Anthropology is the scientific study of humankind’s origin, biology, and culture. It encompasses a vast—and some might say, untidy—body of knowledge that has rarely been organized. In real-life terms, an informal but yawning gap has existed between those who study culture, especially of present and past historically known societies, and those who wrestle with the issues of human origin.

Anthropology Research Paper Topics

Applied Anthropology Research Paper Topics

  1. Action anthropology
  2. Aesthetic appreciation
  3. Affirmative action
  4. ALFRED: The ALlele FREquency Database
  5. Alternative health care
  6. Anthropology and business
  7. Anthropology and the Third World
  8. Artificial intelligence
  9. Bioethics and anthropology
  10. Bioinformatics
  11. Biomedicine
  12. Biometrics
  13. Carbon-14 dating
  14. Careeers in anthropology
  15. Clinical anthropology
  16. Counseling
  17. Dating techniques
  18. Demography
  19. Dendrochronology
  20. Dispute resolution
  21. DNA testing
  22. Ecology and anthropology
  23. Economic anthropology
  24. Economics and anthropology
  25. Environmental ethics
  26. Ethics and anthropology
  27. Ethnoecology
  28. Ethnomedicine
  29. Ethnopharmacology
  30. Ethnopsychiatry
  31. Ethnoscience
  32. Ethnosemantics
  33. Field methods
  34. Forensic anthropology
  35. Forensic artists
  36. Geomagnetism
  37. History of anthropology
  38. Human behavioral ecology
  39. Human rights and anthropology
  40. Human rights in the global society
  41. Intercultural education
  42. Irrigation
  43. Justice and anthropology
  44. Law and anthropology
  45. Law and society
  46. Medical genetics
  47. Multiculturalism
  48. Museums
  49. Native studies
  50. New dating techniques
  51. Paleomagnetism
  52. Political anthropology
  53. Political economy
  54. Potassium-Argon dating
  55. Practicing anthropology
  56. Radiometric dating techniques
  57. Relative dating techniques
  58. Rights of indigenous peoples today
  59. Social Anthropology
  60. Tutankhamun and Zahi Hawass
  61. Twin studies
  62. United Nations and anthropology
  63. Uranium-Lead dating
  64. Urban anthropology
  65. Urban ecology
  66. Visual Anthropology
  67. Women’s studies
  68. Y-STR DNA
  69. Zoos

Applied anthropology, in its broader sense, is distinguished primarily from academic anthropology as anthropological methods and data put to use outside of the classroom. This is not to say that all anthropological methods and data put to use outside of the classroom is applied anthropology; field research also is anthropological methods and data put to use outside of the classroom, but it can be used for academic purposes, as well as for practical application. Applied anthropology is used to solve practical problems outside of the academic world, and it has appeared under such names as action anthropology, development anthropology, practicing anthropology, and advocacy anthropology among others. Rear more about applied anthropology.

Archaeology Research Paper Topics

  1. Abu Simbel
  2. Acheulean culture
  3. Acropolis
  4. Altamira cave
  5. Ancient Crete
  6. Ancient Egypt
  7. Ancient Rome
  8. Angkor Wat
  9. Archaeology
  10. Archaeology and gender studies
  11. Archaeology of war
  12. Architectural anthropology
  13. Atapuerca
  14. Aurignacian culture
  15. Aztec agriculture
  16. Babylon
  17. Biblical archaeology
  18. Blombos cave
  19. Burial mounds
  20. Cave art
  21. Celtic Europe
  22. Chichen Itza
  23. Clovis culture
  24. Coliseum
  25. Copper age
  26. Egyptology
  27. Environmental archaeology
  28. Eoliths
  29. Excavation
  30. Fa Hien cave
  31. Fayoum culture
  32. Folsom culture
  33. Ghost towns
  34. Graves
  35. Great Wall of China
  36. Hand axes
  37. Harappa
  38. Historicism
  39. History of Anthropology
  40. History of city
  41. Indus civilization
  42. Iron age
  43. Jarmo
  44. Koba
  45. Lascaux cave
  46. Lazaret cave
  47. Levalloisian tradition
  48. Llano culture
  49. Machu Picchu
  50. Maritime archaeology
  51. Mayas
  52. Medieval archaeology
  53. Mesolithic cultures
  54. Mesopotamian civilization
  55. Metallurgy
  56. Middens
  57. Modjokerto
  58. Mohenjo Daro
  59. Monte Verde
  60. Mummies and mummification
  61. Museums
  62. National Museum of Anthropology
  63. Natufian culture
  64. Nazca culture
  65. Neandertal burials
  66. Neandertal evidence
  67. Neandertal sites
  68. Neolithic cultures
  69. Ochre
  70. Ohio Hopewell
  71. Oldowan culture
  72. Olduvai Gorge
  73. Olmecs
  74. Orce
  75. Petra
  76. Petroglyphs
  77. Pictographs
  78. Pottery and ceramics
  79. Prehistory
  80. Pu’uhonua o Honaunau
  81. Pyramids
  82. Ramses II
  83. Rapa Nui
  84. Rock art
  85. Sahara anthropology
  86. Salvage archaeology
  87. Sangiran
  88. Shanidar cave
  89. Stonehenge
  90. Sumerian civilization
  91. Taj Mahal
  92. Technology
  93. Temples
  94. Tenoctitlan
  95. Terra Amata
  96. Tikal
  97. Tiwanaku [Tiahuanaco]
  98. Tools and evolution
  99. Troy
  100. Tutankhamun and Zahi Hawass
  101. Ubirr
  102. Ur
  103. Urbanism in ancient Egypt
  104. Uxmal
  105. Venus of Willendorf
  106. Vikings
  107. Zafarraya cave
  108. Ziggurats
  109. Zooarchaeology

Archaeology is the study of human cultures through the study of material and environmental remains. The word, derived from ancient Greek, means “the study of antiquity.” Archaeology is one of the four subfields of anthropology, together with biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and social/cultural anthropology. Archaeological remains can take many forms, two of the basic ones being artifacts (any object altered by human hands) and faunal remains, or midden (food remnants such as bone and shell). Artifacts can be anything from simple flaked stone tools and pottery sherds to the most elaborate and priceless objects found in such treasure troves as the tomb of Tutankhamun. These finds constitute the archaeological record, which archaeologists then piece together to interpret as much as they can about the cultures they are studying. Read more about archaeology.

Cultural and Social Anthropology Research Paper Topics

  1. Aborigines
  2. Agricultural revolution
  3. Aleuts
  4. Algonguians
  5. Altamira cave
  6. Anasazi
  7. Anthropology of war
  8. Aotearoa (New Zealand)
  9. Ape culture
  10. Argentina
  11. Asante
  12. Asia
  13. Athabascan
  14. Australia
  15. Australian aborigines
  16. Aymara
  17. Balkans
  18. Baluchistan
  19. Berdache
  20. Brazil
  21. Bride price
  22. Cannibalism
  23. Caribs
  24. Caste system
  25. Celtic Europe
  26. Chachapoya Indians
  27. Chants
  28. Characteristics of culture
  29. Childhood
  30. Childhood studies
  31. Clans
  32. Class societies
  33. Collectors
  34. Complex Societies
  35. Configurationalism
  36. Copper Age
  37. Cross-cultural research
  38. Cuba
  39. Cults
  40. Cultural adaptation
  41. Cultural conservation
  42. Cultural constraints
  43. Cultural convergence
  44. Cultural ecology
  45. Cultural relativism
  46. Cultural traits
  47. Cultural tree of life
  48. Culture
  49. Culture and personality
  50. Culture area concept
  51. Culture change
  52. Culture of poverty
  53. Culture shock
  54. Cyberculture
  55. Darkness in El Dorado controversy
  56. Diffusionism
  57. Division of labor
  58. Dowry
  59. Egalitarian societies
  60. El Ceren
  61. Elders
  62. Emics
  63. Endogamy
  64. Eskimo acculturation
  65. Eskimos
  66. Ethnocentrism
  67. Ethnographer
  68. Ethnographic fieldwork
  69. Ethnographic writing
  70. Ethnography
  71. Ethnohistory
  72. Ethnology
  73. Etics
  74. Eudyspluria
  75. Exogamy
  76. Extended family
  77. Feasts and Festivals
  78. Feuding
  79. Fiji
  80. Folk culture
  81. Folk speech
  82. Folk speech
  83. Folkways
  84. Forms of family
  85. French structuralism
  86. Functionalism
  87. Gangs
  88. Genocide
  89. Gerontology
  90. Globalization
  91. Great Wall of China
  92. Guarani Nandeva Indians
  93. Gypsies
  94. Haidas
  95. Haiti
  96. Hinduism
  97. History of Anthropology
  98. Homosexuality
  99. Hopi Indians
  100. Horticulture
  101. Hottentots
  102. Huari [Wari]
  103. Human competition and stress
  104. Human life cycle
  105. Ik
  106. Indonesia
  107. Informants
  108. Inoku Village
  109. Intelligence
  110. Intensive agriculture
  111. Inuit
  112. IQ tests
  113. Iron Age
  114. Iroquois
  115. Irrigation
  116. Israel
  117. Jewelry
  118. Jews
  119. Kibbutz
  120. Kinship and descent
  121. Kinship terminology
  122. Koba
  123. Kula ring
  124. Kulturkreise
  125. Kung Bushmen
  126. Kwakiutls
  127. Labor
  128. Language and culture
  129. Lapps
  130. Lascaux cave
  131. Maasai
  132. Mana
  133. Manioc beer
  134. Ma-ori
  135. Marquesas
  136. Marriage
  137. Matriarchy
  138. Mbuti Pygmies
  139. Memes
  140. Mexico
  141. Miami Indians
  142. Migrations
  143. Modal personality
  144. Mongolia
  145. Monogamy
  146. Mores
  147. Multiculturalism
  148. Mundugamor
  149. Music
  150. Native Peoples of Central and South America
  151. Native Peoples of the Great Plains
  152. Native Peoples of the United States
  153. Navajo
  154. Nomads
  155. Northern Iroquoian Nations
  156. Nuclear family
  157. Objectivity in ethnography
  158. Ojibwa
  159. Oldowan culture
  160. Olmecs
  161. Omaha Indians
  162. Onas
  163. Oral literature
  164. Orality and anthropology
  165. Ornamentation
  166. Pacific rim
  167. Pacific seafaring
  168. Panama
  169. Patriarchy
  170. Peasants
  171. People’s Republic of China and Taiwan
  172. Peyote rituals
  173. Plant cultivatiion
  174. Political organizations
  175. Political science
  176. Polyandry
  177. Polygamy
  178. Polygyny
  179. Polynesians
  180. Population explosion
  181. Potlatch
  182. Qing, the Last Dynasty of China
  183. Quechua
  184. Rank and status
  185. Rank Societies
  186. Rarotonga
  187. Rites of passage
  188. Role and status
  189. Sambungmachan
  190. Samburu
  191. Samoa
  192. San Bushmen
  193. Sardinia
  194. Sartono
  195. Secret societies
  196. Segmentary lineage systems
  197. Sex identity
  198. Sex roles
  199. Sexual harassment
  200. Sexuality
  201. Siberia
  202. Simulacra
  203. Slash-and-burn agriculture
  204. Slavery
  205. Social structures
  206. Sociobiology
  207. Stereotypes
  208. Structuralism
  209. Subcultures
  210. Sudanese society
  211. Symboling
  212. Tahiti
  213. Taj Mahal
  214. Tasmania
  215. Technology
  216. Textiles and clothing
  217. Tierra del Fuego
  218. Tikopia
  219. Tlingit
  220. Tlingit culture
  221. Tonga
  222. Transcultural psychiatry
  223. Travel
  224. Ubirr
  225. Untouchables
  226. Urban legends
  227. Vanishing cultures
  228. Venezuela
  229. Venus of Willendorf
  230. Verification in ethnography
  231. Villages
  232. Work and skills
  233. Yabarana Indians
  234. Yaganes
  235. Yanomamo
  236. Zande
  237. Zapotecs
  238. Zulu
  239. Zuni Indians

Cultural anthropology is the study of human patterns of thought and behavior, and how and why these patterns differ, in contemporary societies. Cultural anthropology is sometimes called social anthropology, sociocultural anthropology, or ethnology. Cultural anthropology also includes pursuits such as ethnography, ethnohistory, and cross-cultural research. Read more about cultural anthropology.

Evolution Research Paper Topics

  1. Ape biogeography
  2. Aquatic ape hypothesis
  3. Arboreal hypothesis
  4. Arc of evolution
  5. Australopithecines
  6. Biological adaptation
  7. Biological anthropology
  8. Biological anthropology and neo-Darwinism
  9. Catastrophism
  10. Charles Darwin
  11. Cladistics
  12. Creationism versus geology
  13. Darwin and Germany
  14. Darwin and India
  15. Darwin and Italy
  16. Darwinism versus Lamarckism
  17. Dinosaurian hominid
  18. Disbelief in evolution
  19. Dropithecus
  20. Dynamic integrity
  21. Evolution education controversy
  22. Evolution of primate brain
  23. Evolutionary anthropology
  24. Evolutionary epistemology
  25. Evolutionary ethics
  26. Evolutionary ontology
  27. Evolutionary psychology
  28. Extinction
  29. Fossil record
  30. Fossils
  31. Galapagos Islands
  32. Gigantopithecus
  33. Hominid taxonomy
  34. Hominoids
  35. Homo antecessor
  36. Homo erectus
  37. Homo ergaster
  38. Homo habilis
  39. Homo sapiens
  40. Human canopy evolution
  41. Human evolution
  42. Human genetics
  43. Humans and dinosaurs
  44. India and evolution
  45. Issues in hominization
  46. Kenyanthropus platyops
  47. Kenyapithecus wickeri
  48. Lucy reconstruction models
  49. Mass extinctions
  50. Meganthropus
  51. Models of evolution
  52. Modern Darwinism
  53. Molecular evolution
  54. Monkey Trial [1925]
  55. Monogenesis versus polygenesis
  56. Morphology versus molecules in evolution
  57. Narmada man
  58. Natural selection
  59. Neandertal evidence
  60. Neandertals
  61. Neo-Darwinism
  62. Non-Darwinian evolutionary mechanisms
  63. Orangutan-human evolution
  64. Oreopithecus
  65. Organic evolution
  66. Origin of life
  67. Origin of Neo-Darwinism
  68. Primate extinction
  69. Primate genetics
  70. Primate morphology and evolution
  71. Russia and evolution
  72. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
  73. Sexual selection
  74. Social Darwinism
  75. State Darwin Museum, Moscow, Russia
  76. Theories
  77. Uniformitarianism
  78. Zinjanthropus boisei

The term ‘evolution’ is widely used to denote the development through time of societies, cultures, and more especially of living species. It is often contrasted with the view that these entities were divinely created as we see them today, and is routinely (but incorrectly according to modern biological theory) associated with the idea of progress. This article outlines the various models of evolution that have been suggested to account for the development of life and social organization, and then shows how the theories were formulated and popularized. Particular attention is paid to the work of Charles Darwin, whose theory of biological evolution by natural selection is now seen as the most influential expression of the basic idea of natural development. However, non- Darwinian evolutionary ideas also played a role in biology and were perceived to have implications for social evolution. Read more about evolution.

Linguistics Research Paper Topics

  1. Anatomy and physiology of speech
  2. Animal language
  3. Ape communication
  4. Ape intelligence
  5. Ape language
  6. Artificial intelligence
  7. Chants
  8. Classification of language
  9. Cognitive science
  10. Computer languages
  11. Computers and humankind
  12. Counseling
  13. Culture
  14. Ethnographic semantics
  15. Ethnographic writing
  16. Ethnosemantics
  17. Folk speech
  18. Folk speech
  19. Generative grammar
  20. Global language
  21. Glottochronology
  22. Historical linguistics
  23. History of anthropology
  24. Intelligence
  25. Kanzi
  26. Kinship terminology
  27. Koko (lowland gorilla)
  28. Language
  29. Language and biology
  30. Language and culture
  31. Linguistic reconstruction
  32. Memes
  33. Myths and mythology
  34. Oral literature
  35. Orality and anthropology
  36. Origin of language
  37. Paralanguage
  38. Paralinguistic communication
  39. Phonetics
  40. Phonology
  41. Protolanguage
  42. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
  43. Sociolinguistics
  44. Sociology of language use
  45. Swahili
  46. Symboling
  47. Transformational lingusitics
  48. Types of language
  49. Universals in culture
  50. Universals in language
  51. Vanishing languages
  52. Washoe

Linguistic anthropology examines the links between language and culture, including how language relates to thought, social action, identity, and power relations. It is one of the four traditional subfields of American anthropology, sharing with cultural anthropology its aims of explaining social and cultural phenomena, with biological anthropology its concern over language origins and evolution, and with archaeology the goal of understanding cultural histories. Linguistic anthropology has developed through international work across social science disciplines, as researchers attend to language as a key to understanding social phenomena. The discipline overlaps most closely with the sociolinguistic subfield of linguistics. But while sociolinguistics generally considers social factors in order to explain linguistic phenomena, linguistic anthropology aims to explain social and cultural phenomena by considering linguistic information. Read more about linguistic anthropology.

Paleontology Research Paper Topics

  1. Atapuerca
  2. Australopithecines
  3. Dryopithecus
  4. Fa Hien cave
  5. Fossil apes
  6. Fossil record
  7. Fossils
  8. Gigantopithecus
  9. Graves
  10. Hominid taxonomy
  11. Hominoids
  12. Homo antecessor
  13. Homo erectus
  14. Homo ergaster
  15. Homo habilis
  16. Homo sapiens
  17. Human evolution
  18. Human paleontology
  19. Humans and dinosaurs
  20. Issues in hominization
  21. Java man
  22. Kennewick man
  23. Kenyanthropus platyops
  24. Kenyapithecus wickeri
  25. Lazaret cave
  26. Lucy reconstruction models
  27. Meganthropus
  28. Mungo lady/man
  29. Neandertal burials
  30. Neandertal evidence
  31. Neandertal sites
  32. Neandertals
  33. Olduvai Gorge
  34. Oreopithecus
  35. Paleoanthropology
  36. Paleoecology
  37. Palynology
  38. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
  39. Shanidar cave
  40. Siwalik Hills
  41. Taphonomy
  42. Xenophanes
  43. Zafarraya cave
  44. Zinjanthropus boisei
  45. Zooarchaeology

To anyone with a rudimentary understanding of paleontology and anthropology, it may not be readily apparent that these disciplines can be in any way related to one another or useful in informing the other’s primary interests. Anthropology, broadly speaking, is concerned with the study of human culture and behavior, with data provided directly by investigations of modern human populations, as well as historical and ethnographic texts and objects. Paleontology, however, is the investigation of the history of fossil flora and fauna and is, as such, allied closely with geological sciences. Read more about paleontology.

Philosophy and Anthropology

  1. Altruism
  2. Bruno, Giordano
  3. Buber,Martin
  4. Categorical imperative
  5. Comte, Auguste
  6. Condorcet,Marguis de
  7. Critical realism
  8. Deleuze, Gilles
  9. Dennett, Daniel C.
  10. Derrida, Jacques
  11. Dewey, John
  12. Empedocles
  13. Engels, Friedrich
  14. Enlightenment versus postmodernism
  15. Enlightenment, age of
  16. Entelechy
  17. Environmental ethics
  18. Environmental philosophy
  19. Essentialism
  20. Ethics and anthropology
  21. Evolutionary epistemology
  22. Evolutionary ethics
  23. Evolutionary ontology
  24. Feuerbach, Ludwig
  25. Fromm, Erich
  26. Hegel, G.W. F.
  27. Heidegger, Martin
  28. Henri Bergson
  29. Heraclitus
  30. Hermeneutics
  31. Hobbes, Thomas
  32. Human dignity
  33. Human excellence
  34. Humanism, secular
  35. India, philosophies of
  36. Integrity, dynamic
  37. Kant, Immanuel
  38. Kropotkin, Prince Peter A.
  39. Lucretius
  40. Marx, Karl
  41. Marxism
  42. Naturalism
  43. Neo-Marxism
  44. Nietzsche, Friedrich
  45. Pantheism
  46. Philosophy, dynamic
  47. Popper, Karl
  48. Positivism
  49. Postmodernism
  50. Pragmatism
  51. Science, philosophy of
  52. Spencer, Herbert
  53. Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
  54. Teleology
  55. Theories
  56. Time
  57. Unamuno,Miguel de
  58. Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich
  59. Whitehead, Alfred North
  60. Xenophanes

Modern philosophical anthropology originated in the 1920s. During the 1940s it became the representative branch of German philosophy. It arose with, and has absorbed, Lebensphilosophie, existentialism, and phenomenology, although it is not identical with them. It has affinities with pragmatism and the sociology of knowledge. Although it is historically based on certain German traditions, it is also indebted to, and largely anticipated by, the eighteenth-century “science of human nature.” It combines the critical traditions of the Enlightenment with an emphasis on dogmatic certitude. Read more about philosophical anthropology.

Psychology and Anthropology

  1. Agression
  2. Alienation
  3. Altruism
  4. Ape agression
  5. Ape cognition
  6. Ape communication
  7. Ape intelligence
  8. Ape language
  9. Apollonian
  10. Artificial intelligence
  11. Childhood
  12. Civil disobedience
  13. Cognitive ethology
  14. Cognitive science
  15. Collective behavior
  16. Confirgurationalism
  17. Conflict
  18. Consciousness
  19. Counseling
  20. Crime
  21. Criminology and genetics
  22. Cross-cultural research
  23. Cultural constraints
  24. Cultural relativism
  25. Culture and personality
  26. Culture shock
  27. Dementia
  28. Deviance
  29. Enculturation
  30. Ethnocentrism
  31. Ethnopsychiatry
  32. Eudysphoria
  33. Evolutionary ethics
  34. Evolutionary psychology
  35. Folkways
  36. Forensic artists
  37. Forensic psychologists
  38. Friendships
  39. Gangs
  40. Human behavioral ecology
  41. Human competition and stress
  42. Human excellence
  43. Incest taboo
  44. Intelligence
  45. Intelligence and genetics
  46. IQ tests
  47. Kanzi
  48. Koko (lowland gorilla)
  49. Modal personality
  50. Mores
  51. Nationalism
  52. Neo-Freudianism
  53. Neurotheology
  54. Norms
  55. Psychic unity of humankind
  56. Psychology and genetics
  57. Reciprocity
  58. Sex identity
  59. Sex roles
  60. Sexuality
  61. Taboos
  62. Territoriality
  63. Transcultural psychiatry
  64. Twin studies
  65. Washoe
  66. Xenophobia

Constructs like “identity,” “self-representation, ” and “personhood” abound within sociocultural anthropology generally, but such terms are typically applied to culture groups rather than to individuals. More familiar to psychologists would be the concepts and analyses used in the specialty labeled psychological anthropology, which in broadest form explores the relationships between psychological phenomena and their social and cultural contexts. Some of the primary theoretical orientations in psychological anthropology follow more or less closely on traditional perspectives in psychology, but others diverge radically and claim a central and essential place for cultural content and process in trying to account for psychological functioning. Among the former are general behavioral theory (including many standard conceptualizations from developmental and social psychology and personality theory) , cognitive anthropology, evolutionary thought, and psychoanalytic approaches; and among the latter are cultural psychology, the closely related activity theory, and ethnopsychology. Read more about psychology and anthropology.

Physical and Biological Anthropology Research Paper Topics

  1. Acheulean culture
  2. Altamira cave
  3. Anatomy and physiology of speech
  4. Anthropometry
  5. Ape agression
  6. Ape biogeography
  7. Ape cognition
  8. Ape communication
  9. Ape intelligence
  10. Aquatic ape hypothesis
  11. Arboreal hypothesis
  12. Artificial life
  13. Atapuerca
  14. Aurignacian culture
  15. Australopithecines
  16. Baboons
  17. Biological adaptation
  18. Biological anthropology and neo-Darwinism
  19. Biomedicine
  20. Biometrics
  21. Bipedal locomotion
  22. Blood groups
  23. Bonobos
  24. Bonobos in captivity
  25. Brachiation
  26. Cebids
  27. Cercopithecines
  28. Chimpanzees
  29. Chimpanzees and bonobos
  30. Chimpanzees in captivity
  31. Colobines
  32. Craniometry
  33. Dinosaurian hominid
  34. Diseases
  35. DNA molecule
  36. DNA recombinant
  37. DNA testing
  38. Dryopithecus
  39. El Ceren
  40. Eugenics
  41. Evolution of primate brain
  42. Forensic anthropology
  43. Fossil apes
  44. Gibbons
  45. Gigantopithecus
  46. Gorillas
  47. Gorillas in captivity
  48. Graves
  49. Greater apes
  50. Groooming
  51. Hand axes
  52. History of anthropology
  53. HIV/AIDS
  54. Hominid taxonomy
  55. Hominization
  56. Hominoids
  57. Homo antecessor
  58. Homo erectus
  59. Homo ergaster
  60. Homo habilis
  61. Homo sapiens
  62. Howling monkeys
  63. Human brain
  64. Human canopy evolution
  65. Human diversity
  66. Human evolution
  67. Human genetics
  68. Human Genome Project
  69. Human mutants
  70. Human osteology
  71. Human paleontology
  72. Human variation
  73. Humans and dinosaurs
  74. Hylobates
  75. Iceman
  76. Java man
  77. Kanzi
  78. Kennewick man
  79. Kenyanthropus platyops
  80. Kenyapithecus wickeri
  81. Koko (lowland gorilla)
  82. Lascaux cave
  83. Lazaret cave
  84. Lemurs
  85. Lesser apes
  86. Lorises
  87. Lucy reconstruction models
  88. Macaques
  89. Marmosets
  90. Meganthropus
  91. Mitochrondrial Eve
  92. Mummies and mummification
  93. Mungo lady/man
  94. Museums
  95. Narmada man
  96. Neandertal burials
  97. Neandertal evidence
  98. Neandertal sites
  99. Neandertals
  100. New World monkeys
  101. Ngandong
  102. Old World monkeys
  103. Oldowan culture
  104. Olduvai Gorge
  105. Orangutan-human evolution
  106. Orangutans
  107. Orangutans in captivity
  108. Oreopithecus
  109. Origin of bipedality
  110. Paleoanthropology
  111. Pongids
  112. Population explosion
  113. Primate behavioral ecology
  114. Primate brain
  115. Primate conservation
  116. Primate extinction
  117. Primate genetics
  118. Primate locomotion
  119. Primate morphology and evolution
  120. Primate taxonomy
  121. Primatology
  122. Prosimians
  123. Quadrupedalism in primates
  124. RNA molecule
  125. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
  126. Sambungmachan
  127. Sangiran
  128. Sasquatch
  129. Saving chimpanzees
  130. Saving gorillas
  131. Shanidar cave
  132. Siamangs
  133. Sickle-cell anemia
  134. Siwalik Hills
  135. Sociobiology
  136. Spider monkeys
  137. Tamarins
  138. Tarsiers
  139. Territoriality in primates
  140. Threats to orangutan survival
  141. Tools and evolution
  142. Treeshrews
  143. Twin studies
  144. Washoe
  145. Yeti
  146. Zinjanthropus boisei
  147. Zoos

Biological anthropology is concerned with the origin, evolution and diversity of humankind. The field was called physical anthropology until the late twentieth century, reflecting the field’s primary concern with cataloging anatomical differences among human and primate groups. Biological anthropology is one of the four subfields of anthropology, together with archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and social/cultural anthropology. Under the name of biological anthropology, it is an ever-broadening field that encompasses the study of: human biological variation; evolutionary theory; human origins and evolution; early human migration; human ecology; the evolution of human behavior; paleoanthropology; anatomy; locomotion; osteology (the study of skeletal material); dental anthropology; forensics; medical anthropology, including the patterns and history of disease; primatology (the study of non-human primates); growth, development and nutrition; and other related fields. Read more about biological anthropology.

Religion, Theology, and Anthropology

  1. Ancestor worship
  2. Animatism
  3. Animism
  4. Anthropology of religion
  5. Bayang medicine man
  6. Buddhism
  7. Comparative religion
  8. Confucianism
  9. Coptic monasticism
  10. Creationism, beliefs in
  11. Cults
  12. Daoism
  13. Death rituals
  14. Evil
  15. Ghost dance
  16. God gene
  17. Gods
  18. Graves
  19. Henotheism
  20. Hinduism
  21. Humanism
  22. India, rituals of
  23. Islam
  24. Jews
  25. Magic
  26. Magic versus religion
  27. Mana
  28. Masks, ceremonial
  29. Medicine man
  30. Monasticism
  31. Muslims
  32. Native North American religions
  33. Neurotheology
  34. Pantheism
  35. Pentecostalism
  36. Peyote rituals
  37. Polytheism
  38. Religion
  39. Religion and anthropology
  40. Religion and environment
  41. Religion, liberal
  42. Religious rituals
  43. Scientism versus fundamentalism
  44. Shaman
  45. Sorcery
  46. Sufi Islam
  47. Taboos
  48. Taj Mahal
  49. Totem poles
  50. Totemism
  51. Voodoo
  52. Witch doctor
  53. Witchcraft

The comparative study of religion formed a central building block of anthropology as the discipline emerged in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. In the light of social evolutionary models of human development, religious practice was perceived as providing a powerful index of the mental and moral levels of so-called primitive peoples. James Frazer’s The Golden Bough, first published in 1890, traced magical and religious threads throughout history and weaved them into a pattern depicting the past and future progress of humanity, claiming to discern shifts from magical manipulation toward religious devotion and then ultimately in the direction of purely scientific modes of engaging the world. Inherent in Frazer’s work was also a juxtaposition that has reemerged, albeit in very different form, in contemporary writings (e.g., Cannell, 2006): Christianity as an object of study but also a mode of thought that has itself framed anthropological understandings of religion, temporality, and culture. Read more about anthropology of religion.

Sociology and Anthropology

  1. African American thought
  2. African Americans
  3. African thinkers
  4. Alienation
  5. Amish
  6. Balkans
  7. Child abuse
  8. Childhood studies
  9. Civil disobedience
  10. Class societies
  11. Collective behavior
  12. Communities
  13. Complex societies
  14. Crime
  15. Criminology and genetics
  16. Cuba
  17. Cultural convergence
  18. Culture of poverty
  19. Culture shock
  20. Deviance
  21. Division of labor
  22. Egalitarian societies
  23. Euthenics
  24. Extended family
  25. Feminism
  26. Folk culture
  27. Folk speech
  28. Folk speech
  29. Folkways
  30. Forms of family
  31. Friendships
  32. Gangs
  33. Genocide
  34. Gerontology
  35. Globalization
  36. Gypsies
  37. History of city
  38. Homosexuality
  39. International organizations
  40. Israel
  41. Labor
  42. Marxism
  43. Midwifery
  44. Nationalism
  45. Nuclear family
  46. Peasants
  47. Population explosion
  48. Rank and status
  49. Rank societies
  50. Secret ocieties
  51. Sex identity
  52. Sex roles
  53. Sexual harassment
  54. Sexuality
  55. Slavery
  56. Social anthropology
  57. Social anthropology
  58. Social Darwinism
  59. Social sturctures
  60. Socialist schools in Africa
  61. Socialization
  62. Sociobiology
  63. Sociolinguistics
  64. Sociology
  65. Sociology of language use
  66. Subcultures
  67. Untouchables
  68. Urban legends
  69. Women’s studies
  70. Xenophobia

Studies of sociology and anthropology have blended together as cultural anthropologists have attempted to draw comparisons among various societies and cultures. Identifying cultural characteristics became more difficult during the 20th century in response to two world wars. By the beginning of the 21st century, globalization had further blurred the once distinct lines between particular cultures, as the affairs of nations became more intertwined with those of others. Read more about sociology and anthropology.

Research and Theoretical Frameworks in Anthropology

  1. Age of Enlightenment
  2. Alchemy
  3. Alienation
  4. Altruism
  5. Anthropic principle
  6. Anthropocentrism
  7. Anthropological models
  8. Anthropology and business
  9. Anthropology and epistemology
  10. Anthropology and sociology
  11. Anthropology of men
  12. Anthropology of religion
  13. Anthropology of women
  14. Anthropomorphism
  15. Ape biogeography
  16. Apollonian
  17. Aquatic ape hypothesis
  18. Arboreal hypothesis
  19. Architectural anthropology
  20. Artificial life
  21. Aubdivisions of anthropology
  22. Beliefs in creationism
  23. Big bang theory
  24. Cardiff giant hoax
  25. Catastrophism
  26. Chaos theory
  27. Chaos theory and anthropology
  28. Characteristics of anthropology
  29. Characteristics of culture
  30. Cladistics
  31. Communism
  32. Complexity
  33. Computers and humankind
  34. Configurationalism
  35. Conflict
  36. Cosmology and sacred landscapes
  37. Creationism versus geology
  38. Critical realism
  39. Critical realism in ethnology
  40. Cross-cultural research
  41. Cultural conservation
  42. Cultural constraints
  43. Cultural ecology
  44. Cultural materialism
  45. Cultural relativism
  46. Cultural survivals
  47. Cultural tree of life
  48. Culture
  49. Culture and pesonality
  50. Culture area concept
  51. Culture change
  52. Cybernetic modeling
  53. Cybernetics
  54. Darkness in El Dorado controversy
  55. Darwinism versus Lamarckism
  56. Degenerationism
  57. Determinism
  58. Dictatorships
  59. Diffusionism
  60. Dinosaurian hominid
  61. Dynamic integrity
  62. Education and anthropology
  63. Egyptology
  64. Emics
  65. Enculturation
  66. Enlightenment versus postmodernism
  67. Entelechy
  68. Environmental philosophy
  69. Environments
  70. Ethnocentrism
  71. Ethnogenesis
  72. Ethnohistory
  73. Ethology and ethnology
  74. Etics
  75. Evolutionary anthropology
  76. Evolutionary epistemology
  77. Evolutionary ethics
  78. Evolutionary humanism
  79. Evolutionary ontology
  80. Exobiology and exoevolution
  81. Feminism
  82. French structuralism
  83. Functionalism
  84. Future of anthropology
  85. Futurology
  86. Gaia hypothesis
  87. Gemeinschaft
  88. Geomythology
  89. Gesellschaft
  90. Global society
  91. Global warming
  92. Glottochronology
  93. God gene
  94. Hardy-Weinberg principle
  95. Henotheism
  96. Hermeneutics
  97. Historicism
  98. Hoaxes in anthropology
  99. Hominization
  100. Human canopy evolution
  101. Human dignity
  102. Humanistic anthropology
  103. Humans and dinosaurs
  104. Iceman
  105. Ideology
  106. Incest taboo
  107. Instincts
  108. Interpreting evidence
  109. Jews and pseudo-anthropology
  110. Kulturkreise
  111. Legends
  112. Lucy reconstruction models
  113. Marxism
  114. Memes
  115. Migrations to the Western Hemisphere
  116. Missing link
  117. Mitochrondrial Eve
  118. Monogenesis versus polygenesis
  119. Myths and mythology
  120. Nationalism
  121. Naturalism
  122. Nature
  123. Nature and nurture
  124. Neo-Darwinism
  125. Neo-Freudianism
  126. Neo-Marxism
  127. Neurotheology
  128. Non-Darwinian evolutionary mechanisms
  129. Norms
  130. Objectivity in ethnography
  131. Orangutan-human evolution
  132. Origin of bipedality
  133. Paluxy footprints
  134. Pantheism
  135. Participant-observation
  136. Philosophical anthropology
  137. Philosophy of science
  138. Phrenology
  139. Physiognomy
  140. Positivism
  141. Postcolonialism
  142. Postmodernism
  143. Pragmatism
  144. Psychic unity of humankind
  145. Reciprocity
  146. Religious humanism
  147. Research in anthropology
  148. Research methods
  149. Revitalization movements
  150. Role of human mind in nature
  151. Sasquatch
  152. Scientific method
  153. Scientism versus fundamentalism
  154. Secular humanism
  155. Secularization
  156. Social change
  157. Social Darwinism
  158. Sociobiology
  159. Stereotypes
  160. Structuralism
  161. Superorganic
  162. Syncretism
  163. Teleology
  164. Territoriality
  165. Theories
  166. Time in anthropology
  167. Transformationalism
  168. Unifromatarianism
  169. Unity of humankind
  170. Universals in art
  171. Universals in culture
  172. Universals in language
  173. Values and anthropology
  174. Verification in ethnography
  175. Wolfian perspective in cultural anthropology
  176. Women in anthropology
  177. Women’s studies
  178. Xenophobia
  179. Yeti

Anthropologists usually mean by “theory” a particular theory—a functionalist, structuralist, or socio-ecological theory of social systems, for example. However, while “social facts” have been defined by Durkheim, along with method, and similar ideas used in other sociological theory traditions, the notion of a theory has been treated as something obvious or self-evident. How to test or formulate theories in general has been assumed or passed by, in general, and the ways in which theories explained their subject have been left unspecified. Read more about theory in anthropology.

Anthropology and EvolutionAnthropology is the study of humankind in terms of scientific inquiry and logical presentation. It strives for a comprehensive and coherent view of our own species within dynamic nature, organic evolution, and sociocultural development. The discipline consists of five major, interrelated areas: physical/biological anthropology, archaeology, cultural/social anthropology, linguistics, and applied anthropology. The anthropological quest aims for a better understanding of and proper appreciation for the evolutionary history, sociocultural diversity, and biological unity of humankind. Anthropologists see the human being as a dynamic and complex product of both inherited genetic information and learned social behavior within a cultural milieu; symbolic language as articulate speech distinguishes our species from the great apes.

Genes, fossils, artifacts, monuments, languages, and societies and their cultures are the subject matter of anthropology. The holistic approach is both intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary. It incorporates evidence from geology, paleontology, psychology, and history, among other special sciences. Anthropologists strive to present generalizations about the origin and evolution of our own species from remote hominid ancestors, as well as ideas about the emergence of social organizations and cultural adaptations. As a result of both research over scores of decades and the convergence of facts and concepts, anthropologists now offer a clearer picture of humankind’s natural history and global dominance.

With the human being as its focus, the discipline of anthropology mediates between the natural and social sciences while incorporating the humanities. Its acceptance and use of discoveries in biology, for example, the DNA molecule, and its attention to relevant ideas in the history of philosophy, such as the concepts presented in the writings of Marx and Nietzsche, make anthropology a unique field of study and a rich source for the relevant application of facts, concepts, methods, theories, and perspectives. Forensic anthropology, medical anthropology, business anthropology, and advocacy anthropology have emerged as significant areas of applied anthropology in the changing modern human world.

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