Sociology Research Methods Research Paper Topics

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Various sociological methodologies are used when designing and executing research. Each of these methods, including comparative-historical sociology, ethnomethodology, ethnography, evaluation research, qualitative methods, and survey research, has strengths and weaknesses. While debate surrounds qualitative versus quantitative methods, the best sociological research often integrates both kinds of methods to test hypotheses.

135 Research Paper Topics on Sociology Research Methods:

  1. Action Research
  2. Analysis of Variance and Covariance
  3. Analytic Induction
  4. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
  5. Arts Based Methods
  6. Auditing
  7. Authenticity Criteria
  8. Autoethnography
  9. Biography
  10. Bootstrap Methods
  11. Case Studies
  12. Case Study Methods
  13. Chance and Probability
  14. Computer Aided/Mediated Analysis
  15. Computer Applications in Sociology
  16. Confidence Intervals
  17. Content Analysis
  18. Control Variables
  19. Convenience Sample
  20. Conversation Analysis
  21. Correlation
  22. Critical Qualitative Research
  23. Cross-Cultural Analysis
  24. Data Banks and Depositories
  25. Demographic Data: Censuses, Registers, Surveys
  26. Demographic Methods
  27. Dependent Variables
  28. Descriptive Statistics
  29. Descriptive Statistics
  30. Disaster Research
  31. Documentary Analysis
  32. Effect Sizes
  33. Emic/Etic
  34. Empiricism
  35. Epistemology
  36. Ethics in Social Research
  37. Ethnography
  38. Evaluation
  39. Evaluation Research
  40. Event History Analysis
  41. Experimental Design
  42. Experimental Methods
  43. Experiments in Sociology
  44. Factor Analysis
  45. Factor Analysis
  46. Fieldwork Ethics
  47. Foucauldian Archeological Analyses
  48. Futures Studies as Human and Social Activity
  49. General Linear Model
  50. Hawthorne Effect
  51. Hierarchical Linear Models
  52. Hierarchical Linear Models
  53. Historical and Comparative Methods
  54. Hypotheses
  55. Independent Variables
  56. Institutional Review Boards and Sociological Research
  57. Intervention Studies
  58. Interviewing, Structured, Unstructured, and Postmodern
  59. Investigative Poetry
  60. Journaling, Reflexive
  61. Key Informant
  62. Latent Growth Curve Models
  63. Levels of Analysis
  64. Library Resources and Services for Sociology
  65. Life Histories and Narrative
  66. Life History
  67. Log Linear Models
  68. Longitudinal Research
  69. Measurement
  70. Measures of Association
  71. Measures of Centrality
  72. Meta-Analysis
  73. Mixed Methods
  74. Modern Research Methods
  75. Multiple Indicator Models
  76. Multivariate Analysis
  77. Naturalistic Inquiry
  78. Negative Case Analysis
  79. Nonparametric Statistics
  80. Observation Systems
  81. Observation, Participant and Non Participant
  82. Outliers
  83. Paradigms and Models
  84. Participatory Research
  85. Path Analysis
  86. Peer Debriefing
  87. Performance Ethnography
  88. Performance Measurement
  89. Personality Measurement
  90. Postcolonial Methods
  91. Prediction and Futures Studies
  92. Qualitative (Purposive) Sampling
  93. Qualitative Computing
  94. Qualitative Methods
  95. Qualitative Methods
  96. Qualitative Models
  97. Qualitative Validity
  98. Quantitative Methods
  99. Quantitative Validity
  100. Quasi-Experimental Research Designs
  101. Random Sample
  102. Rapport
  103. Reconstructive Analyses
  104. Regression and Regression Analysis
  105. Reliability
  106. Reliability Generalization
  107. Replicability Analyses
  108. Replication
  109. Research Ethics
  110. Research Funding in Sociology
  111. Sample Selection Bias
  112. Sampling Procedures
  113. Secondary Data Analysis
  114. Secondary Data Analysis and Data Archives
  115. Social Change and Causal Analysis
  116. Social Epistemology
  117. Social Indicators
  118. Social Network Analysis
  119. Standardization
  120. Statistical Graphics
  121. Statistical Inference
  122. Statistical Methods
  123. Statistical Significance Testing
  124. Statistics
  125. Structural Equation Modeling
  126. Survey Research
  127. Tabular Analysis
  128. Time Series
  129. Time Use Research
  130. Transcription
  131. Triangulation
  132. Trustworthiness
  133. Variance
  134. Visual Methods
  135. Writing as Method

Comparative-Historical Sociology

Most nineteenth-century social scientists, including Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, and Karl Marx, engaged in analyses of historical data and made cross-cultural comparisons in their studies of human society. The work of these early historical sociologists was guided by the belief that societies were evolving and that the western European societies were the most advanced. The premise was that societies progressed via evolution and that progress was good. Comparisons were used as a tool for the development of social facts based on cross-cultural and/or historical data. In modern times cross-cultural comparisons serve to provide a better understanding of the structures and institutions of different societies.

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The primary strength of comparative-historical research is its use of an interdisciplinary approach. If the scope conditions are clear and the criteria are specified and defined, then this approach is an important method for obtaining “social facts.”

Data available for cross-cultural and historical analyses face multiple hurdles. To illustrate, one must remember that information from a culture is embedded in the language, status sets, and expectations for the use of the data, as well as the time and place where the data were collected. There is always the issue of making sure that data sets are comparable and that the variables are equivalent. One primary limitation noted by Etienne Van de Walle (2005) is that although historical demographers have access to volumes of information, they are frequently limited by only including information on elite male populations with little or no information about females or the common man.




Qualitative Methods and Ethnography

The primary qualitative methods sociologists use are ethnography interviews and direct observations. Interviews with research participants may range from open-ended interviews with flexible content directed by the interviewer to more structured questions asked by multiple researchers; in the latter case there is an obvious requirement for internal consistency so that all interviewers ask the same questions in the same way, and hopefully obtain comparable data. Researchers engaged in direct observations may have varying levels of participation, ranging from covert observation to participant observation where the researcher becomes an active member of the group.

Many ethnographers agree that to fully understand a complex social situation, one must enter into an unbiased observation or interaction with the society being studied. William Foote Whyte (1955) argued in his classic Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum, that the only way to describe a society is to live in it, learn to speak the language, and participate in its social events and everyday life. Some of the most well known ethnographies have been guided by similar principles, for example, Elliott Liebow’s Tally’s Corner (1967), Margery Wolf ’s The House of Lim (1968), and Laud Humphrey’s Tearoom Trade (1975), to mention only a few. A quantitative counting using preconceived survey questions only provides answers to the questions and could well be biased by the selection process as well as by the perceived social desirability of the responses by the researcher. In contrast, a qualitative analysis provides detailed description and information and new perspectives necessary for hypothesis development. An issue that should be addressed is the role of the researcher in the ethnographic research and whether or not an external observer can really study the internal workings of a society without bias. Also, a weakness of ethnographic field studies is generalization. But this weakness is often resolved by integrating the qualitative results of the fieldwork with quantitative results obtained in research in which a large population is systematically and randomly sampled and surveyed (see the work of Knodel, Chamratrithirong, and Debavalya [1987] as an example of such integration).

Ethnomethodology

The term ethnomethodology was first used in the 1960s by Harold Garfinkel (1967) in research determining how people make sense of their worlds. Garfinkel noted that for interactions to be smooth, everyday communication and interpersonal interactions have to be based on prior assumptions. Ethnomethodologists commonly study the normal through the use of techniques such as conversation analysis and breaching experiments, which force an examination of the usual, accepted, and unquestioned. The documented reactions of others to these experiments confirm which behaviors are normative (Cohen 2006).

The strength of ethnomethodology is that it permits the researcher to analyze the normal. For example, Allen Smith and Sherry Kleinman (1989) use narratives to demonstrate the patterns of discourse in conversations, which can be used to train medical personnel in the delivery of bad news and desexualizing gynecological exams. The weakness is that assumptions about what is normal and what is expected are in continual flux so that generalizability is sometimes limited.

Evaluation Research

Organizational sociologists, following a long-standing positivistic agenda, often use evaluation research to determine whether the programs and routines of such groups as corporate organizations, social agencies, and educational institutions actually perform as planned. Evaluation research techniques involve formative research; setting the agenda, goals, and strategies for the organization; determining how these can be quantified and hence evaluated; and summative evaluation, determining if these quantifiable outcomes of both the steps and the goals meet the predetermined standards. Evaluation researchers usually use multiple techniques, including ethnography and survey instruments (see Rossi, Lipsey, and Freeman 2003). The strength of evaluation research is that it is used to minimize expenses while improving the quality of the accepted standards set by formative research. One weakness is that organizations have multiple systems and the research may not target the critical part of the systems. Organizations are in continual flux so that their evaluations must be ongoing and easily modifiable to respond to changing conditions.

Survey Research

Survey research involves the “systematic gathering of information on a defined social group” (Rapley and Hansen 2006, p. 616). The group is typically sampled from a larger population; information is obtained by asking standard questions about previously operationalized variables. One reason for the use of survey research is its simplicity; if one wants to know information, ask. Questions may be either closed-ended or open-ended. The strengths of the analysis and the generalizations from the findings are determined in part by the sample size and selection. Samples may range from small convenience samples to large randomized representative samples. Surveys may be administered via interviews, mailed questionnaires, telephone calls or online. Don Dillman (2000) argues that mail surveys using the “tailored design method,” a detailed methodology of multiple contacts ensuring compliance, often have the greatest likelihood of being understood, completed, and returned; these are all characteristics necessary for the survey results to be truly representative of the population.

Surveys are usually used after one has developed hypotheses to be tested quantitatively. The best-known surveys have an efficient methodology and obtain accurate and current information about the population. Examples include the U.S. Current Population Survey, the World Fertility Surveys, and the U.S. National Surveys of Family Growth.

A strength of survey research, if done correctly, is its potential for strong and generalizable statistical analysis. However, the best surveys require randomization, adequate sample size, and a high completion rate. It must be remembered, however, that survey methods provide only a “partial description of complex social issues.… They are but one tool, of many, in the [social scientist’s] armamentarium” (Rapley and Hansen 2006, p. 617).

References:

  1. Agar, M 1996. The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography. New York: Academic Press.
  2. Cohen, I 2006. Ethnomethodology. In The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology, ed. Bryan S. Turner, 177–180. New
  3. York: Cambridge University Pr
  4. Garfinkel, Har 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  5. Denzin, Norman , and Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dillman, Don A. 2000. Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
  6. Fowler, Floyd Jr. 1995. Improving Survey Questions: Design and Evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  7. Humphreys, 1975. Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places. Chicago: Aldine.
  8. Knodel, John, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, and Nibhon Debav 1987. Thailand’s Reproductive Revolution. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  9. Liebow, E 1967. Tally’s Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men. Boston: Little and Brown.
  10. Rapley, Mark, and Susan H 2006. Surveys. In The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology, ed. Bryan S. Turner, 616–617. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  11. Rossi, Peter, Mark W. Lipsey, and Howard Freeman. 2003. Evaluation: A Systematic Approach, 7th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  12. Smith, Allen , and Sherry Kleinman. 1989. Managing Emotions in Medical School: Students’ Contacts with the Living and the Dead. Social Psychology Quarterly 52: 56–69.
  13. Van de Walle, E 2005. Historical Demography. In The Handbook of Population, eds. Dudley L. Poston, Jr., and Michael Micklin, 577–600. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  14. Whyte, William F 1955. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  15. Wolf, Margery. The House of Lim: A Study of a Chinese Farm Family. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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