This list of management research paper topics is designed to be a reference guide for everyday business and management study needs for the management students, managers, business practitioners, or anyone interested in a better understanding of a business management term or concept. This page can be a first-stop for general information as well as a link to other management concepts, related terms, references, and information sources.
The field of management is an extremely broad discipline that draws upon concepts and ideas from the physical and social sciences, particularly mathematics, philosophy, sociology, and psychology. Within business, the field of management includes research paper topics and ideas also common to marketing, economics, finance, insurance, transportation, accounting, computer technologies, information systems, engineering, and business law.
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300 Management Research Paper Topics
CORPORATE PLANNING AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Aggregate Planning
B2B
B2E Management
Barriers to Entry
Best Practices
Brainstorming
Business Plan
Capacity Planning
Content Management System
Decision Rules and Decision Analysis
Decision Support Systems
Diversification Strategy
Divestment
Downsizing and Rightsizing
Economies of Scale and Economies of Scope
Environmentalism and Sustainability
Exit Strategy
Exporting and Importing
Franchising
Free Trade Agreements and Trading Blocs
Futuring
Gap Analysis
Generic Competitive Strategies
Globalization
Goals and Goal Setting
Group Decision Making
Knowledge-Based View of the Firm
Location Strategy
Long Tail
Macroenvironmental Forces
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Manufacturing Resources Planning
Market Share
Mergers and Acquisitions
Miles and Snow Typology
Multiple-Criteria Decision Making
New Product Development
Open and Closed Systems
Operations Strategy
Opportunity Cost
Order-Winning and Order-Qualifying Criteria
Porter’s Five Forces Model
Product Life Cycle and Industry Life Cycle
Production Planning and Scheduling
Results-Only Work Environment
Strategic Integration
Strategic Planning Failure
Strategic Planning Tools
Strategy Formulation
Strategy Implementation
Strategy in the Global Environment
Strategy Levels
SWOT Analysis
Synergy
Upselling
Zero-Based Budgeting
EMERGING TOPICS IN MANAGEMENT
Activity-Based Costing
Affirmative Action
Angel Investors and Venture Capitalists
Artificial Intelligence
Assessment Centers
B2B
B2E Management
Balanced Scorecard
Bar Coding and Radio Frequency Identification
Business Process Reengineering
Cafeteria Plan—Flexible Benefits
Cellular Manufacturing
Chaos Theory
Coalition Building
Communities of Interest/Communities of Practice
Complexity Theory
Concurrent Engineering and Design
Consulting
Contingency Approach to Management
Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning Trends
Corporate Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility
Customer Relationship Management
Decision Support Systems
Diversity
Electronic Commerce
Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer
Empowerment
Enterprise Resource Planning
Entrepreneurship
Environmentalism and Sustainability
Ethics
Expatriates
Expert Systems
Five S Framework
Flexible Spending Accounts
Futuring
Handheld Computers
Health Savings Accounts
Human Resource Information Systems
Innovation
Instant Messaging
Intellectual Property Rights
Intrapreneurship
Knowledge-Based View of the Firm
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Metadata or Meta-Analysis
Mobile Commerce
Multiple-Criteria Decision Making
Non-Compete Agreements
Outsourcing and Offshoring
Paradigm Shift
Popular Press Management Books
Quality of Work Life
Results-Only Work Environment
Robotics
Social Networking
Spirituality in Leadership
Succession Planning
Telecommunications
Vendor Rating
Virtual Corporations
Women and Minorities in Management
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Angel Investors and Venture Capitalists
Balance Sheets
Brainstorming
Break-Even Point
Budgeting
Business Plan
Business Structure
Cafeteria Plan—Flexible Benefits
Case Method of Analysis
Cash Flow Analysis and Statements
Competitive Advantage
Consumer Behavior
Cost Accounting
Customer Relationship Management
Diversification Strategy
Domestic Management Societies and Associations
Due Diligence
Economics
Economies of Scale and Economies of Scope
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Financial Issues for Managers
Financial Ratios
First-Mover Advantage
Futuring
Gap Analysis
Generic Competitive Strategies
Income Statements
Initial Public Offering
Innovation
Intellectual Property Rights
International Business
International Management Societies and Associations
Intrapreneurship
Inventory Management
Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Workers
Leveraged Buyouts
Licensing and Licensing Agreements
Location Strategy
Macroenvironmental Forces
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Market Share
Marketing Concept and Philosophy
Marketing Research
Miles and Snow Typology
Mission and Vision Statements
New Product Development
Non-Compete Agreements
Organizational Development
Outsourcing and Offshoring
Patents and Trademarks
Planning
Poison Pill Strategies
Popular Press Management Books
Porter’s Five Forces Model
Pricing Policy and Strategy
Problem Solving
Process Management
Product Design
Product Life Cycle and Industry Life Cycle
Profit Sharing
Research Methods and Processes
Scenario Planning
Securities and Exchange Commission
Shareholders
Stakeholders
Strategic Planning Tools
Strategy Levels
Succession Planning
SWOT Analysis
Synergy
Technology Transfer
Value Creation
Venture Capital
Virtual Organizations
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING
Activity-Based Costing
Angel Investors and Venture Capitalists
Balance Sheets
Balanced Scorecard
Break-Even Point
Budgeting
Capacity Planning
Cash Flow Analysis and Statements
Corporate Social Responsibility
Cost Accounting
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Debt vs. Equity Financing
Domestic Management Societies and Associations
Due Diligence
Economics
Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer
Employee Benefits
Employee Compensation
Executive Compensation
Exit Strategy
Financial Issues for Managers
Financial Ratios
Flexible Spending Accounts
Health Savings Accounts
Income Statements
Initial Public Offering
Insider Trading
Internal Auditing
International Management Societies and Associations
International Monetary Fund
Inventory Types
Leveraged Buyouts
Licensing and Licensing Agreements
Long Tail
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Management Control
Nonprofit Organizations
Opportunity Cost
Patents and Trademarks
Profit Sharing
Purchasing and Procurement
Risk Management
Securities and Exchange Commission
Stakeholders
Succession Planning
Venture Capital
Zero-Based Budgeting
GENERAL MANAGEMENT TOPICS
Aggregate Planning
The Art and Science of Management
Autonomy
B2B
B2E Management
Balanced Scorecard
Barriers to Entry
Best Practices
Black Friday
Brainstorming
Budgeting
Business Plan
Business Structure
Communication
Competitive Advantage
Competitive Intelligence
Contingency Approach to Management
Continuous Improvement
Corporate Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility
Delegation
Disaster Recovery
Diversity
Divestment
Downsizing and Rightsizing
Economics
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Electronic Commerce
Empowerment
Financial Issues for Managers
Financial Ratios
Forecasting
Generic Competitive Strategies
Globalization
Goals and Goal Setting
Human Resource Management
Innovation
International Management
Knowledge-Based View of the Firm
Knowledge Management
Leadership Styles and Bases of Power
Leadership Theories and Studies
Line-and-Staff Organizations
Logistics and Transportation
Management Control
Management Functions
Management Information Systems
Management Science
Management Styles
Management Thought
Managing Change
Mission and Vision Statements
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Operations Management
Organization Theory
Organizational Analysis and Planning
Organizational Behavior
Organizational Chart
Organizational Culture
Organizational Learning
Organizational Structure
Organizational Development
Organizing
Paradigm Shift
Participative Management
Patents and Trademarks
Paternalism
Pioneers of Management
Planning
Process Management
Quality and Total Quality Management
Request for Proposal/Quotation
Social Networking
Strategic Integration
Strategy Formulation
Strategy Implementation
Strategy in the Global Environment
Strategy Levels
Subject Matter Expert
Succession Planning
Training Delivery Methods
Trends in Organizational Change
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Affirmative Action
Artificial Intelligence
Assessment Centers
Autonomy
Nonverbal Communication
Brainstorming
Cafeteria Plan—Flexible Benefits
Coalition Building
Communication
Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning Trends
Discrimination
Diversity
Downsizing and Rightsizing
Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer
Employee Assistance Programs
Employee Benefits
Employee Compensation
Employee Evaluation and Performance Appraisals
Employee Handbook and Orientation
Employee Recruitment
Employee Screening and Selection
Employment Law and Compliance
Empowerment
Executive Compensation
Flexible Spending Accounts
Group Dynamics
Health Savings Accounts
Human Resource Information Systems
Human Resource Management
Japanese Management
Job Analysis
Knowledge-Based View of the Firm
Knowledge Workers
Mentoring
Morale
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Nepotism
Non-Compete Agreements
Organizational Behavior
Organizational Chart
Organizational Culture
Performance Measurement
Personality and Personality Tests
Privacy, Privacy Laws, and Workplace Privacy
Quality of Work Life
Reinforcement Theory
Results-Only Work Environment
Safety in the Workplace
Scalable or JIT Workforce
Sensitivity Training
Social Networking
Stress
Succession Planning
Sweatshops
Task Analysis
Teams and Teamwork
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
Time Management
Training Delivery Methods
Virtual Organizations
Women and Minorities in Management
INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
Artificial Intelligence
Bandwidth
Bar Coding and Radio Frequency Identification
Communication
Competitive Intelligence
Complexity Theory
Computer Networks
Computer Security
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Content Management System
Data Processing and Data Management
Decision Rules and Decision Analysis
Decision Support Systems
Delegation
Electronic Commerce
Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer
Environmentalism and Sustainability
Experience and Learning Curves
Expert Systems
Forecasting
Fuzzy Logic
Handheld Computers
Information Assurance
Innovation
The Internet
Knowledge Centers
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Workers
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Management Information Systems
Manufacturing Control via the Internet
Metadata or Meta-Analysis
Mobile Commerce
Nanotechnology
Product Design
Project Management
Robotics
Service-Oriented Architecture
Technology Management
Technology Transfer
Telecommunications
Virtual Corporations
Virtual Organizations
Web 2.0
WiMax
INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL MANAGEMENT
B2B
Competitive Advantage
Diversity
European Union
Expatriates
Exporting and Importing
First-Mover Advantage
Franchising
Free TradeAgreements and Trading Blocs
Futuring
Globalization
International Business
International Management
International Management Societies and Associations
International Monetary Fund
International Organization for Standards
Japanese Management
Licensing and Licensing Agreements
Location Strategy
Macroenvironmental Forces
Outsourcing and Offshoring
Patents and Trademarks
Popular Press Management Books
Profit Sharing
Strategy in the Global Environment
Sweatshops
Transnational Organization
Value-Added Tax
Vendor Rating
Virtual Organizations
World-Class Manufacturer
LEADERSHIP RESEARCH TOPICS
The Art and Science of Management
Assessment Centers
Best Practices
Communication
Contingency Approach to Management
Corporate Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility
Delegation
Domestic Management Societies and Associations
Entrepreneurship
Executive Compensation
Expert Systems
Goals and Goal Setting
Human Resource Management
International Management Societies and Associations
Japanese Management
Job Analysis
Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Workers
Leadership Styles and Bases of Power
Leadership Theories and Studies
Line-and-Staff Organizations
Management and Executive Development
Management Functions
Management Levels
Management Styles
Management Thought
Managing Change
Mechanistic Organizations
Mentoring
Mission and Vision Statements
Morale
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Open and Closed Systems
Operant Conditioning
Organizational Culture
Paradigm Shift
Participative Management
Personality and Personality Tests
Pioneers of Management
Problem Solving
Reinforcement Theory
Sensitivity Training
Span of Control
Spirituality in Leadership
Strategy Formulation
Succession Planning
Teams and Teamwork
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory Z
Women and Minorities in Management
LEGAL ISSUES
Affirmative Action
Cafeteria Plan—Flexible Benefits
Computer Networks
Computer Security
Corporate Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility
Discrimination
Diversity
Downsizing and Rightsizing
Due Diligence
Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer
Employee Assistance Programs
Employee Benefits
Employee Compensation
Employee Evaluation and Performance Appraisals
Employee Recruitment
Employee Screening and Selection
Employment Law and Compliance
Ethics
Executive Compensation
Human Resource Management
Insider Trading
Intellectual Property Rights
Job Analysis
Leveraged Buyouts
Management Audit
Management Control
Mergers and Acquisitions
Nepotism
Non-Compete Agreements
Patents and Trademarks
Personality and Personality Tests
Privacy, Privacy Laws, and Workplace Privacy
Quality of Work Life
Risk Management
Safety in the Workplace
Stress
Succession Planning
Sunshine Laws
Sweatshops
Technology Transfer
Whistle Blower
Women and Minorities in Management
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Balanced Scorecard
Bandwidth
Bar Coding and Radio Frequency Identification
Barriers to Entry
Complexity Theory
Computer Networks
Computer Security
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Content Management System
Data Processing and Data Management
Decision Rules and Decision Analysis
Decision Support Systems
Distribution and Distribution Requirements Planning
Electronic Commerce
Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer
Service-Oriented Architecture
Statistical Process Control and Six Sigma
Systems Design, Development, and Implementation
Technology Management
Technology Transfer
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Bar Coding and Radio Frequency Identification
Business Process Reengineering
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
Concurrent Engineering and Design
Decision Rules and Decision Analysis
Decision Support Systems
Distribution and Distribution Requirements Planning
Expert Systems
Location Strategy
Logistics and Transportation
Maintenance
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Manufacturing Resources Planning
Models and Modeling
Multiple-Criteria Decision Making
New Product Development
Operating System
Operations Management
Operations Scheduling
Operations Strategy
Product Design
Production Planning and Scheduling
Productivity Concepts and Measures
Product-Process Matrix
Project Management
Purchasing and Procurement
Quality and Total Quality Management
Research Methods and Processes
Reverse Supply Chain Logistics
Scenario Planning
Service Operations
Service Process Matrix
Simulation
Statistical Process Control and Six Sigma
Statistics
Subject Matter Expert
Systems Analysis
Systems Design, Development, and Implementation
Technology Transfer
Warehousing and Warehouse Management
World-Class Manufacturer
PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND ASSESSMENT
Activity-Based Costing
Balance Sheets
Balanced Scorecard
Benchmarking
Best Practices
Break-Even Point
Budgeting
Cash Flow Analysis and Statements
Continuous Improvement
Cost Accounting
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cycle Time
Debt vs. Equity Financing
Due Diligence
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Executive Compensation
Financial Issues for Managers
Financial Ratios
Forecasting
Gap Analysis
Goals and Goal Setting
Management Audit
Management Control
Management Information Systems
Market Share
Multiple-Criteria Decision Making
Nepotism
Order-Winning and Order-Qualifying Criteria
Performance Measurement
Pricing Policy and Strategy
Profit Sharing
Simulation
Stakeholders
Value Analysis
Value Chain Management
Value Creation
Vendor Rating
Zero-Based Budgeting
Zero Sum Game
PERSONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR MANAGERS
The Art and Science of Management
Brainstorming
Coalition Building
Communication
Consulting
Contingency Approach to Management
Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning Trends
Continuous Improvement
Customer Relationship Management
Delegation
Diversity
Employee Assistance Programs
Empowerment
Entrepreneurship
Facilitator
Feedback
Goals and Goal Setting
Group Dynamics
Intrapreneurship
Knowledge Workers
Leadership Styles and Bases of Power
Managing Change
Mentoring
Morale
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Multimedia
Organizing
Participative Management
Personality and Personality Tests
Planning
Popular Press Management Books
Problem Solving
Profit Sharing
Safety in the Workplace
Sensitivity Training
Spirituality in Leadership
Strategic Planning Tools
Stress
Succession Planning
SWOT Analysis
Teams and Teamwork
Time Management
Trends in Organizational Change
Value Creation
PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
Activity-Based Costing
Aggregate Planning
Bar Coding and Radio Frequency Identification
Benchmarking
Break-Even Point
Business Process Reengineering
Cellular Manufacturing
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Concurrent Engineering and Design
Continuous Improvement
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Decision Rules and Decision Analysis
Decision Support Systems
Distribution and Distribution Requirements Planning
Domestic Management Societies and Associations
Five S Framework
Flexible Manufacturing
Forecasting
Industrial Relations
International Management Societies and Associations
Inventory Management
Inventory Types
Japanese Management
Layout
Lean Manufacturing and Just-in-Time Production
Location Strategy
Logistics and Transportation
Long Tail
Maintenance
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Management Awards
Manufacturing Control via the Internet
Manufacturing Resources Planning
Market Share
New Product Development
Operations Management
Operations Scheduling
Operations Strategy
Order-Winning and Order-Qualifying Criteria
Outsourcing and Offshoring
Participative Management
Poka-Yoke
Popular Press Management Books
Porter’s Five Forces Model
Production Planning and Scheduling
Productivity Concepts and Measures
Product-Process Matrix
Project Management
Purchasing and Procurement
Quality Gurus
Quality and Total Quality Management
Reverse Supply Chain Logistics
Robotics
Safety in the Workplace
Scalable or JIT Workforce
Service Factory
Service Industry
Service Operations
Service Process Matrix
Simulation
Statistical Process Control and Six Sigma
Statistics
Strategic Integration
Supply Chain Management
Synergy
Teams and Teamwork
Technology Management
Technology Transfer
Theory of Constraints
Time-Based Competition
Upselling
Warehousing and Warehouse Management
World-Class Manufacturer
QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Communication
Customer Relationship Management
Domestic Management Societies and Associations
Five S Framework
Gap Analysis
Goals and Goal Setting
Innovation
International Management Societies and Associations
Japanese Management
Management Awards
Manufacturing Resources Planning
Marketing Research
Operations Strategy
Opportunity Cost
Order-Winning and Order-Qualifying Criteria
Outsourcing and Offshoring
Participative Management
Popular Press Management Books
Productivity Concepts and Measures
Quality Gurus
Quality and Total Quality Management
Quality of Work Life
Statistical Process Control and Six Sigma
Strategic Planning Tools
Teams and Teamwork
Value Analysis
Value Creation
Vendor Rating
World-Class Manufacturer
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Activity-Based Costing
Business Process Reengineering
Capacity Planning
Cellular Manufacturing
Coalition Building
Communication
Competitive Advantage
Competitive Intelligence
Computer Networks
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Conflict Management and Negotiation
Customer Relationship Management
Cycle Time
Decision Support Systems
Distribution and Distribution Requirements Planning
Economies of Scale and Economies of Scope
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Electronic Commerce
Electronic Data Interchange and Electronic Funds Transfer
Enterprise Resource Planning
Expert Systems
Fulfillment
Group Dynamics
Industrial Relations
Inventory Management
Inventory Types
Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances
Lean Manufacturing and Just-in-Time Production
Location Strategy
Logistics and Transportation
Long Tail
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Manufacturing Resources Planning
Market Share
Multiple-Criteria Decision Making
New Product Development
Operations Management
Operations Scheduling
Operations Strategy
Organic Organizations
Organizing
Poka-Yoke
Problem Solving
Process Management
Product Design
Product Life Cycle and Industry Life Cycle
Production Planning and Scheduling
Productivity Concepts and Measures
Product-Process Matrix
Purchasing and Procurement
Quality and Total Quality Management
Reverse Auction
Reverse Supply Chain Logistics
Risk Management
Span of Control
Stakeholders
Teams and Teamwork
Vendor Rating
Warehousing and Warehouse Management
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
Artificial Intelligence
Assessment Centers
Autonomy
Concurrent Engineering and Design
Conflict Management and Negotiation
Consulting
Contingency Approach to Management
Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning Trends
Continuous Improvement
Corporate Social Responsibility
Delegation
Domestic Management Societies and Associations
Downsizing and Rightsizing
Employee Evaluation and Performance Appraisals
Employee Handbook and Orientation
Goals and Goal Setting
Group Decision Making
Human Resource Management
Innovation
Instant Messaging
International Management Societies and Associations
Job Analysis
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Workers
Management and Executive Development
Management Audit
Marketing Communication
Mission and Vision Statements
Morale
Motivation and Motivation Theory
Multimedia
Multiple-Criteria Decision Making
Organizational Culture
Organizational Learning
Organizing
Participative Management
Personality and Personality Tests
Popular Press Management Books
Problem Solving
Project Management
Safety in the Workplace
Sensitivity Training
Simulation
Stress
Succession Planning
SWOT Analysis
Teams and Teamwork
Training Delivery Methods
Virtual Organizations
Women and Minorities in Management
Management has applications in a wide variety of settings and is not limited to business domains. Management tools, as well as the art and science of management, find applications wherever any effort must be planned, organized, or controlled on a significant scale. This includes applications in government, the cultural arts, sports, the military, medicine, education, scientific research, religion, not-for-profit agencies, and in the wide variety of for-profit pursuits of service and manufacturing. Management takes appropriate advantage of technical developments in all the fields it serves.
The growth of the discipline of management has also led to specialization or compartmentalization of the field. These specialties of management make learning and study easier, but at the same time make broad understanding of management more difficult. It is particularly challenging to the entrepreneur and the small business owner to master the subject areas, yet this group is compelled to excel at all management functions to further their business’s success. Management specialties have grown to such an extent it is difficult for any single manager to fully know what management is all about. So rapid have been the strides in recent years in such subjects as decision making, technology, the behavioral sciences, management information systems, and the like, to say nothing of proliferating legislative and governmental regulations affecting business, that constant study and education is required of all managers just to keep current on the latest trends and techniques. Thus, managers and executives need a comprehensive management online reference source to keep up-to-date. Having the management essays and research papers in one comprehensive site saves valuable research time in locating the information.
In the growing age of specialists, there is a growing lack of generalists. Typically, a business manager spends a large percentage of their career developing a great familiarity and proficiency in a specialized field, such as sales, production, shipping, or accounting. The manager develops a very specialized knowledge in this area but may develop only a peripheral knowledge of advances in other areas of management. Yet as these individuals are promoted from a specialist-type position up the organizational chart to a more administrative or generalist supervisory or leadership position, the person with newly enlarged responsibilities suddenly finds that their horizon must extend beyond the given specialty. It must now include more than just a once-superficial understanding of all aspects of managing, including purchasing, manufacturing, advertising and selling, international management, quantitative techniques, human resources management, public relations, research and development, strategic planning, and management information systems. The need for broader management understanding and comprehension continues to increase as individuals are promoted.
This site has as its goal to bridge this gap in understanding and to offer every executive, executive-aspirant, management consultant, and educator and student of management, both comprehensive and authoritative information on all the theories, concepts, and techniques that directly impact the job of management. This reference source strives to make specialists aware of the other functional areas of the management discipline and to give the top manager or administrator who occupies the general manager position new insights into the work of the specialists whom he or she must manage or draw upon in the successful management of others. In addition, this site proposes to make all practitioners aware of the advances in management science and in the behavioral sciences. These disciplines touch upon all areas of specialization because they concern the pervasive problems of decision-making and interpersonal relations.
Every effort has been made to achieve comprehensiveness in choice and coverage of subject matter. The essays provided frequently go far beyond mere definitions and referrals to other sources. They are in-depth treatments, discussing background, subject areas, current applications, and schools of thought. In addition, information may be provided about the kinds of specialists who use the term in a given organization, the degree of current acceptance, and the possibilities for the future as the subject undergoes further development and refinement. Longer essays frequently provide charts, graphs, or examples to aid in understanding the topic.